External References to People, Places and

Created Date: 1-Jan-2025
Events to the Scriptures

Last updated: 4-Jan-2025
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DRAFTING

 
Sections

1 Pontius Pilate, who oversaw the trial of Jesus Christ 2 The beheading of John the Baptist
3 Herod Antipas famous for beheading John the Baptist 4 Family Sergius Paulus, Roman proconsul met Apostle Paul
5 The High Priest Caiaphas, who interrogated Jesus Christ 6 Lysianias the Tetrarch from the Gospel of Luke
7 Crucifixion victims buried in individual tombs in Judea 8 Herod the Great who is famous for murdering the children
9 The palaces of Herod the First 10 The Census Occurred
11 The Census Indirectly Corroborated 12 Quirinius (Cyrenius), who was involved with the roman census
13   14  
15      

The list shown below was posted on the Christian Apologist website, where this author attributes and thanks the site for republishing the list that is attributed to the work of a Harry Stark.  If the web link is missing click here.  This author cannot find any information on Harry Stark, only a fictional writer Harry Starke, so cannot provide a link to give more credit.  Thank you to the Christian Apologist in perpetuity for this and many other great publications.

The purpose of creating and repeating the information from the Christian Apologist is to be able to:

1. Pontius Pilate, who oversaw the trial of Jesus Christ

1 1 Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BC – 50 AD) in Embassy to Gaius (299-303).
2 2 Pilate stone
3 3 Ignatius of Antioch (AD 30–107) in Epistle to the Smyrnaeans.
4 4 Josephus (AD 37–99) in The Jewish War (2.9) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.2, 18.3).
5 5 Tacitus (c. AD 56-120) in Annals (15.44).
6 6 Phlegon (80-140 AD) in Olympiad, cited by Eusebius in Ecclesiastical History (2.7).
7 7 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in First Apology.
8 8 Celsus (c. AD 120–190) in The True Word, cited by Origen in Against Celsus (2.34).
9 9 Tertullian (AD 160–245) in The Apology and On the Resurrection of the Flesh.
10 10 Origen of Alexandria (AD 185–253) in Against Celsus (2.34).

2. The Beheading of John the Baptist

11 1 Josephus (AD 37–99) in Antiquities of the Jews (18.5).;
12 2 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in Dialogue with Trypho.

3. Herod Antipas (Herod the Tetrach), who is famous for beheading John the Baptist

13 1 Josephus (AD 37–99) in Antiquities of the Jews (18.5).
14 2 Ignatius of Antioch (AD 30–107) in Epistle to the Smyrnaeans.
15 3 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in Dialogue with Trypho.
16 4 Kos inscription
17 5 Delos inscription
18 6 Coins

4. The family Sergius Paulus, famous for its roman proconsul who Apostle Paul met

19 1 Inscription CIL 6.31545
20 2 Inscription IGR III, 930
21 3 The Antioch inscription
22 4 Pliny the Elder (c. AD 24-79) in The Natural History (18.90, 2.113).

5. The High Priest Caiaphas, who interrogated Jesus Christ

23 1 Josephus (AD 37–99) in Antiquities of the Jews (18.5).
24 2 Ignatius of Antioch (AD 30–107) in Epistle to the Smyrnaeans.
25 3 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in Dialogue with Trypho.
26 4 Kos inscription
27 5 Delos inscription

6. Lysianias the Tetrarch from the Gospel of Luke

28 1  Lysanias inscription (Abila inscription)

7. Crucifixion victims were buried in individual tombs in Judea

29 1 The pierced foot belonging to a jewish man called Yohanan Ben Hagalgol.

8. Herod the First (King Herod, Herod the Great), who is famous for murdering the children

30 1 Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) in Geography (16.2).
31 2 Nicolaus of Damascus (c. 64 BC – 4 AD) in Life of Augustus.
32 3 Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BC – 50 AD) in Embassy to Gaius.
33 4 Josephus (AD 37–99) in The Jewish War (1.284, 1.422, 1.401) and Antiquities of the Jews (14.470-481, 14.403, 15.50-56, 15.247-251, 15.222-236, 16.392-394, 17.182-187, 16.290).
34 5 Tacitus (c. AD 56-120) in Histories (5.9, 5.11).
35 6 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in First Apology and Dialogue with Trypho.
36 7 Cassius Dio (c. 165 – c. 235) in Roman History (59:8).
37 8 Macrobius (5th century AD) in Saturnalia (2.4.11).
38 9 Coins
39 10 Cos inscription
40 11 Delos inscription
41 12 Inscription on an Amphora fragment
    Note: Herod the First was such a murderous tyrant that he murdered his own sons, Alexander and Aristobulus and Antipater, because he saw them as a threat to the crown, according to Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews (17.1-13). Herod the First also murdered his own wife, cousins and other people he saw as a threat.

9. The palaces of Herod the First

42 1 The remains at Caesarea Maritima
43 2 The remains of a lobby
44 3 The remains in Jerusalem

10. The Census Occurred

45 1 Augustus Caesar (63 BC – 14 AD) in Rev Gestae Divi Augusti.
46 2 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in First Apology and Dialogue with Trypho.
47 3 Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 153–217) in Stromata (1.21).
48 4 Tertullian (AD 160–245) in Against Marcion (4.19, 4.7).
49 5 Origen of Alexandria (AD 185–253) in Against Celsus (1.57).
50 6 Orosius (c. AD 375 – 420) in Histories against the Pagans (7:13).

11. Census is Indirectly Corroborated

51 1 Gaius Vibius Maximus (active in c. 104 AD) in Edictum praefecti Aegypti C. Vibii Maximi  (P. Lond. III, 904) about a roman census in Egypt that required people to return to their hometowns.
52 2 Thermoutharion (active in c. 48 AD) in Oxyrhynchus papyrus 255 about a roman census that required people to return to their hometowns.
53 3 Josephus (AD 37–99) in Antiquities of the Jews (18.1) about a roman census.
54 4 The Tivoli inscription where the roman official had an office at two different times.
55 5 A census was also conducted in the independent city Apamea, according to the Aemillius Secundus inscription (ILS 2683).
56 6 The region Samaria was taxed by both Herod and Caesar, according to Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews (17.11.4).
57 7 The village scribes for censuses are documented in papyrus fragments (POxy 78, 240, 251, 252, 254, 255, 288, 488).

12. Quirinius (Cyrenius), who was involved with Roman Census

58 1 Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) in Geography (12.6).
59 2 Augustus Caesar (63 BC – 14 AD) in Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
60 3 Josephus (AD 37–99) in Antiquities of the Jews (17.13.5, 18.1.1, 18.2.1, 18.2.2, 20.5.2) and The Jewish Wars (2.17.8, 7.8.1).
61 4 Tacitus (c. AD 56-120) in Annals (2.30, 3.22-23, 3.48).
62 5 Suetonius (c. AD 69-122) in Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Volume 3: Tiberius.
63 6 Pliny the Elder (c. AD 24-79) in The Natural History (5.23.4)
64 7 Justin Martyr (c. AD 100–165) in Dialogue with Trypho.
65 8 Cassius Dio (c. AD 165-235) in Roman History (54.28).
66 9 Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 9502
67 10 Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 9503
68 11 Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 2683
69 12 Coins

 

 

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